What is PTSD?
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after a person experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. PTSD is one of several mental disorders that can develop after exposure to traumatic events. These traumatic events can be life-threatening, such as combat, natural disasters, car accidents, or sexual assault. During and after a traumatic situation, the body’s “fight-or-flight” response is triggered by fear, causing changes such as increased alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. While most people naturally recover from this response, individuals with PTSD continue to feel stressed and frightened long after the trauma has ended. This prolonged state of heightened stress is what characterizes post-traumatic stress disorder.
Do You Experience Any Of These PTSD Symptoms?
People with post-traumatic stress disorder may suffer from a wide variety of psychological symptoms. Because everyone responds to trauma differently, everyone will experience different symptoms. For some, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder can cause mild anxiety and depression. Others, on the other hand, may experience severe reactions which affect their jobs and relationships.
Common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder include:
- flashbacks of the traumatic event
- being easily startled or jumpy
- depression
- anxiety
- emotional detachment
- irritability and anger
- self-destructive or violent behavior
- obsessive compulsive behavior
- memory and concentration problems, and
- nightmares
Mood symptoms are also a key aspect of the emotional and psychological changes that can occur in individuals with PTSD.
However, stress doesn’t just affect the mind; it also has a negative effect on the body. Common physical symptoms of PTSD include:
- headaches
- ulcers
- high blood pressure
- heart attacks
- vomiting
- diarrhea, or
- fatigue
Risk Factors for Developing PTSD
Certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing PTSD, a condition that falls under the broader category of mental disorders, after experiencing traumatic events. These include:
- A history of trauma
- A family history of mental health disorders
- A lack of social support
- A history of substance abuse
- A history of mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety
- A history of physical health problems
- Childhood physical abuse
- Prolonged exposure to traumatic events
Understanding these risk factors can help in identifying individuals who might be more susceptible to developing PTSD and ensuring they receive the necessary support and intervention.
PTSD Caused By A Car Accident Or Other Traumatic Event
If you’ve been involved in a car accident or an accident at work, you may be at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Obviously, not everyone who is involved in a car accident or work accident develops PTSD. However, there is a strong potential for some people who have been involved in these types of accidents to develop PTSD.
Certain risk factors have been found to increase the likelihood of developing PTSD after a car accident. Those risk factors include:
- Having experienced another traumatic event or events in addition to the car accident
- Suffering from psychological difficulties prior to the car accident
- Having family members with a history of psychological problems
- The severity of the accident, for example whether it was life-threatening
- Losing a loved one in the accident
- The amount of support you receive following the event
- Emotional response (fear, helplessness, horror, guilt, or shame)
- The presence of dissociation during the trauma
What is the Primary Cause of PTSD after an Accident?
Surprisingly, studies show that the severity of the accident and whether a loved one was also injured do not significantly cause the development of PTSD. Rather, those who have been involved in an accident are more likely to develop PTSD if they don’t have substantial support following the accident or if the injured person perceives that he has experienced a life threatening accident or has a poor mental outlook afterwards.
Of these two, the strongest predictor for PTSD was the perception of one’s life being in danger. A strong belief that one’s life was in danger can lead to behaviors of avoidance, such as not getting in a car, refusing to travel a certain road, steering clear of a certain machine or area at work, etc. This type of avoidance can strengthen the injured person’s belief that driving or operating a certain machine is dangerous, which maintains the fear response and increase the risk for PTSD. Additionally, actively suppressing thoughts about the accident, continually ruminating about it, or being detached from your emotions about the accident is also frequently connected with PTSD.
Are You More Anxious Or Jumpy Lately?
Those who have been injured in either a car or work accident may frequently experience symptoms which are associated with PTSD, including:
- Anxiety and pounding heart when reminded of the accident. For instance, hearing a horn or brakes screeching may automatically activate a fear response.
- Feeling on edge, jumpy, or startling more easily when you’re driving or when you are performing the job which injured you.
- Being more watchful. You may frequently scan your environment for potential threats, such as drivers speeding or workers not paying attention.
- Avoidance. It’s natural that you may decide to avoid some situations either on the roadway or in the workplace.
These responses and symptoms are natural and occur to help keep you from experiencing a similar traumatic situation. While these symptoms often decrease over time on their own, you should definitely monitor them. If they seem to be getting more severe or more frequent, then you may be at risk for developing PTSD. If this happens, it is critical that you seek help.
If you think you might have PTSD, it is best not to wait to seek out medical treatment, since waiting can lengthen your recovery time and jeopardize your right to file a workers’ compensation claim. It is important to understand that a mental health condition can be just as serious as a physical injury and must receive treatment.
If you are involved in a traumatic event at work (and acting in the scope of your employment), and develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), your condition may be covered by workers’ compensation.
Complications of Untreated PTSD
When PTSD, one of several mental disorders, goes untreated, it can lead to a range of complications that affect various aspects of a person’s life. These complications include:
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
- Substance abuse
- Relationship problems
- Work or school problems
- Physical health problems
- Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
Addressing PTSD early with appropriate treatment can help prevent these complications and improve overall quality of life.
Prevention and Early Intervention
Preventing PTSD is crucial, and early intervention can significantly reduce the risk of developing this mental health condition. Here are some strategies for prevention and early intervention:
- Seeking mental health services: After experiencing a traumatic event, it’s essential to seek help from a mental health professional. They can provide guidance on coping mechanisms and offer support to prevent PTSD symptoms from developing. Early intervention by a licensed mental health professional can make a significant difference in recovery.
- Building resilience: Developing resilience can help individuals cope with traumatic events. This can be achieved through practices such as mindfulness, exercise, and maintaining strong social support networks. Resilience-building activities can foster positive emotions and improve overall mental health.
- Avoiding substance abuse: Substance abuse can exacerbate PTSD symptoms. Avoiding substance abuse and seeking help if needed can reduce the risk of developing PTSD. Mental health services administration often includes programs to help individuals avoid or overcome substance abuse.
- Practicing self-care: Engaging in self-care activities such as meditation, yoga, and spending time in nature can help reduce stress and anxiety. These practices can promote mental well-being and help manage the emotional aftermath of traumatic events.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing PTSD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a licensed mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. PTSD is one of several mental disorders that require a comprehensive evaluation by a licensed mental health professional. This process includes a mental health screening and a physical exam. To receive a diagnosis of PTSD, a person must exhibit the following symptoms for at least one month:
- Intrusive memories
- Avoidance symptoms
- Negative changes in thoughts and mood
- Hyperarousal symptoms
Treatment for PTSD typically involves talk therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or prolonged exposure therapy, and medication, such as antidepressants. A mental health professional can help determine the best treatment plan based on individual symptoms. Early intervention is crucial in preventing complications and enhancing the quality of life for those affected by PTSD.
Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD
To diagnose PTSD, a mental health professional will assess the individual’s symptoms and experiences. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD include:
- Exposure to a traumatic event: The individual must have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event. This could include events such as combat, natural disasters, car accidents, or sexual assault.
- Intrusion symptoms: The individual must experience at least one intrusion symptom, such as flashbacks, nightmares, or distressing memories of the traumatic event. These symptoms can be highly disruptive and distressing.
- Avoidance symptoms: The individual must experience at least one avoidance symptom, such as avoiding people, places, or activities that remind them of the traumatic event. Avoidance behaviors can significantly impact daily life and relationships.
- Negative changes in thinking and mood: The individual must experience at least two negative changes in thinking and mood, such as feelings of guilt, shame, or persistent negative emotions. These mood symptoms can affect overall mental health and well-being.
- Changes in arousal and reactivity: The individual must experience at least two changes in arousal and reactivity, such as difficulty sleeping, irritability, or being easily startled. These symptoms can lead to significant distress and impairment in daily functioning.
Treatment Options for PTSD
Treatment for PTSD typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. Here are some common treatment options:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of talk therapy that helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors. It is highly effective in treating PTSD symptoms by addressing the underlying cognitive distortions.
- Prolonged exposure therapy: This type of therapy involves gradually exposing the individual to the traumatic event in a safe and controlled environment. Prolonged exposure therapy helps individuals process and reduce the fear associated with traumatic memories.
- Medications: Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can help reduce PTSD symptoms. These medications can be prescribed by a mental health professional to manage mood symptoms and anxiety disorders.
- Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is a type of therapy that involves eye movements or other forms of stimulation to help process traumatic memories. It has been shown to be effective in reducing the emotional impact of traumatic events.
Managing PTSD Symptoms
Managing PTSD symptoms requires a comprehensive approach that includes therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Here are some strategies for managing PTSD symptoms:
- Keeping a journal: Writing down thoughts and feelings can help process traumatic experiences and reduce symptoms. Journaling can provide an outlet for emotions and help individuals gain insight into their feelings related to the trauma.
- Practicing relaxation techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualization can help reduce anxiety and stress. These relaxation methods can be incorporated into daily routines to promote mental well-being.
- Engaging in physical activity: Regular exercise can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Physical activity releases endorphins, which can improve mood and overall mental health.
- Seeking social support: Connecting with friends, family, and support groups can help individuals feel less isolated and more supported. Social support is crucial in managing PTSD symptoms and fostering positive emotions.
When to Seek Help
If you or someone you know is experiencing PTSD symptoms, it’s essential to seek help from a mental health professional. Here are some signs that it’s time to seek help:
- Severe symptoms: If symptoms are severe and interfere with daily life, it’s time to seek help. A mental health professional can provide the necessary support and treatment.
- Suicidal thoughts: If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts, seek help immediately. Suicidal ideation is a serious symptom that requires urgent attention from a licensed mental health professional.
- Substance abuse: If substance abuse is exacerbating PTSD symptoms, seek help from a mental health professional. Addressing substance abuse is crucial in managing PTSD and improving overall mental health.
- Difficulty coping: If you or someone you know is having difficulty coping with PTSD symptoms, seek help from a mental health professional. Professional support can provide effective strategies for managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
By addressing PTSD symptoms early and seeking appropriate treatment, individuals can significantly improve their mental health and overall well-being.
PTSD In The Workplace
PTSD in the workplace is different from common work stress. It can be triggered by a significant event, such as an accident involving severe injuries or other terrifying situations. Workers who develop PTSD may be unable to work due to the severe symptoms, both mental and physical, which often accompany this condition.
Some occupations, such as police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians (EMTs), are especially susceptible to developing PTSD after a traumatic event. In addition to these jobs, any other high stress or dangerous environments can also place workers at risk of developing PTSD. Workers may also develop PTSD when they witness another employee die or suffer serious injuries.
While most PTSD claims arise in connection with a physical injury, some claims involve only the PTSD with no accompanying physical injury. Such standalone injuries frequently occur when a worker witnesses the injury of another employee but is not injured himself. In that situation, the worker who witnessed the accident may have a workers’ compensation claim for PTSD.
Winning Virginia workers compensation benefits for a purely psychological injury is no easy task. It is much easier to win the claim when the worker has also suffered a physical injury in the accident. However, a 2017 decision from the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission affirmed an award of benefits to a claimant who was not physically injured.
Mayberry v. Gentiva Health Services
In that case, Mayberry v. Gentiva Health Services, the injured worker was a nurse who was providing home care for one of her patients. She and the patient got caught inside the rotation of a tornado. The nurse shielded her patient with her body and thought she was “going to die that day.” After that traumatic event, Mayberry began to have difficulty working and was eventually diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Mayberry filed a workers’ compensation claim for PTSD. Her case went to a hearing. In previous cases, the Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission held that to be covered under Virginia workers compensation, “a purely psychological injury must be causally related to … an obvious sudden shock or fright arising in the course of employment.” Chesterfield Cnty. v. Dunn, 9 Va. App. 475, 477 (1990). PTSD is a psychological injury that may be compensable under such circumstances. See Burlington Mills Corp. v. Hagood, 177 Va. 204, 211 (1941).
Mayberry’s employer argued that her claim was not covered under workers’ comp because it was caused by natural forces and her job duties didn’t require her to protect her patients from tornadoes. Despite the employer’s arguments, the Commission awarded Mayberry benefits, stating:
“In the present case the patient’s inability to walk and the claimant’s responsibility for her patient prevented the claimant from proceeding to the safety of the basement of the house … the claimant’s job duties required the claimant to expose herself to the force of the storm, then the employment has increased the risk of injury and the injury should be compensable.”
The defendants appealed, arguing that the tornado was not a risk of Mayberry’s employment, that her job duties did not require her to stay with the patient during the storm, and that the general public was exposed to similar risks as Mayberry.
The employer appealed this decision to the next level, but Mayberry was still found to have sustained a compensable injury.
Filing a Workers’ Compensation Claim For PTSD
If you believe you might have PTSD caused by a work accident, talk to your doctor and your employer as soon as possible. The Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission has set strict deadlines for reporting work injuries. You could lose your right to receive Virginia workers’ compensation benefits if these rules aren’t followed.
Because it can be difficult to navigate workers’ compensation claims, anyone suffering from PTSD due to a workplace accident or event should contact a workers’ comp attorney. At the Ritchie Law Firm, we can help make the workers’ comp claims process less confusing and stressful for you.
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Ritchie Law Firm is a Virginia and West Virginia serious injuries lawyer and car accident attorney law firm devoted to helping individuals who have suffered serious and catastrophic injuries or lost a loved one as a result of someone else’s negligence, including Virginia premises liability cases. The personal injury lawyers at the Ritchie Law Firm offers legal representation to all of Virginia, while helping clients in cities and surrounding areas of Harrisonburg, Charlottesville, Staunton, and Winchester also serves clients in West Virginia, including Martinsburg, WV.
